Sales

Covers cases on the liability of a manufacturer to persons other than his immediate vendee

Privity; Property Damage; and Personal Injuries . . . A Re-appraisal

The responsibility of a vendor of personal property to persons other than his immediate vendee has troubled courts throughout our legal history. The primary purpose of this comment is to analyze this liability for personal injuries or property damage in an action for breach of warranty. The inquiry is strictly limited to those obligations which arise incidentally to a sale or contract to sell personal property. It does not extend to sales of realty or to those transactions which are not sales, such as service contracts and contracts of bailment. The discussion is further limited to the vendor\u27s liability for personal injuries and property damage and does not include liability for the invasion of intangible economic interests. The comment is not concerned with causes of action other than breaches of warranty, such as causes of action sounding in negligence or fraudulent misrepresentations. The discussion will be devoted to the existing law in Washington, and a summary with emphasis of possible future developments

British cost accounting development: Continuity and change

This paper uses the archival records of three entities successively carrying on coal and ironmaking activities at Staveley between 1838-1900, together with the findings from earlier research, to explore the costing information generated over the period 1690-1900. We find a system of cost accounting, broadly defined, in operation throughout the period, a large measure of continuity concerning its basic features, and innovations made from time to time presumably designed to improve its usefulness. The paper uses the results of this and earlier research to explore the nature of accounting change and draws attention to possible differences in the path of development between countries. Further, we assess the significance of our findings for present ideas concerning the development of cost accounting systems in Britain and the U.S., and argue for a broader view to be taken by researchers into the nature of management accounting\u27s development

Constructing the well qualified chartered accountant in England and Wales

Fundamental to the pursuit of the professional project by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales (ICAEW), in the early years of its existence, was the construction of the well qualified chartered accountant. This involved the introduction of onerous examinations, lengthy vocational training and significant financial hurdles, which together confined membership to the wealthier sections of society. Prior studies concentrate on the external implications of the ICAEW\u27s policies, and have accepted, though left unexamined, the significance of entry hurdles in achieving exclusionary closure. The major focus of this paper is to examine how the ICAEW differentiated its membership from outsiders on the grounds of education and training and how the fledgling Institute employed credentials to distinguish the chartered accountant brand from non-chartered accountants. In further contrast to prior studies, we examine the internal tensions generated as a result of the precise shaping of the ICAEW\u27s definition of the well qualified chartered accountant

Perio-endo lesions: a guide to diagnosis and clinical management

Dentists are likely to encounter lesions that have both periodontal and endodontic aetiological components; the so called ‘perio-endo lesions’. A thorough examination with appropriate investigations remains pivotal to diagnosing a ‘perio-endo lesion’. Correct diagnosis of such lesions is therefore important as it enables the most suitable clinical management to be treatment planned. It is still recommended, that for the treatment of ‘perio-endo lesions’, initial endodontic therapy is completed

The AHK-Wales Report Card 2018: Policy Measures - is it possible to ‘score’ qualitative data?

Comprehensive and meaningful policy analysis in the field of physical activity is difficult, not least because of the variable influence of other policy domains. However, in 2011 a Policy Assessment Tool (PAT) was developed by members of the WHO European Network for the Promotion of Health-Enhancing Physical Activity (HEPA Europe) and tested in several different countries. In 2014, Wales joined a global initiative, active healthy kids (AHK) Global Alliance, that supported the development of country level ‘Report Cards’ scoring a range of indicators that influence physical activity amongst children and young people, one of which was labelled ‘Government Strategies and Investments’. For the first two Report Cards this indicator and its associated ‘score’ was informed subjectively by expert consensus. In 2018, it was decided to utilize the Policy Audit Tool Version 2 (PAT v2) developed by HEPA Europe to aid analysis and to develop and test a scoring rubric aligned to the tool. The subsequent process indicated that the tool could be applied and translated into a ‘grade’ that could be used in conjunction with the other indicators of the AHK Report Card to generate overall Report Card grades. The use of both the HEPA PAT v2 and the scoring rubric offers an opportunity to provide greater consistency and potential for developing both comparative and trend data when assessing policy impact on physical activity in children and young people. These tools should be utilized by the AHK Global Alliance in future Report Cards

Trilingual conversations: a window into multicompetence

A recurrent theme in the literature on trilingual language use is the question of whether there is a specific “trilingual competence.” In this paper we consider this question in the light of codeswitching patterns in two dyadic trilingual conversations between a mother and daughter conducted in (Lebanese) Arabic, French, and English. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of codeswitching in both conversants shows that, despite the fact that both subjects are fluent in all three languages, uses of switching are significantly different for mother and daughter across a number of features, including relative frequency of different switch types, and the incidence of hybrid constructions involving items from two or more languages. The subjects appear to display qualitatively distinct profiles of competence in the trilingual mode. This in turn leads to the conclusion that the facts of trilingual language use are best characterized in terms of “multicompetence” (Cook, 1991). The paper concludes with some further reflections on the uniqueness of trilingual language use (an “old chestnut” in trilingualism research, cf. Klein, 1995)

Genetics of human and canine dilated cardiomyopathy

Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in both humans and dogs. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) accounts for a large number of these cases, reported to be the third most common form of cardiac disease in humans and the second most common in dogs. In human studies of DCM there are more than 50 genetic loci associated with the disease. Despite canine DCM having similar disease progression to human DCM studies into the genetic basis of canine DCM lag far behind those of human DCM. In this review the aetiology, epidemiology, and clinical characteristics of canine DCM are examined, along with highlighting possible different subtypes of canine DCM and their potential relevance to human DCM. Finally the current position of genetic research into canine and human DCM, including the genetic loci, is identified and the reasons many studies may have failed to find a genetic association with canine DCM are reviewed

Developing professional learning for staff working with children with speech, language and communication needs combined with moderate-to-severe learning difficulties

Children with speech, language and communication needs (SLCN) often present challenges in interaction where teachers may need specialist knowledge. In this article, Carolyn Anderson of the University of Strathclyde examines how teachers and classroom assistants (N=49) developed their professional learning for working with these pupils. A questionnaire revealed limited evidence of pre or post-qualification training in topics or number of hours teaching relating to SLCN. In the absence of formal learning opportunities, most teachers reported learning from others with experience or from reflecting on their own practice. They valued feedback from peers on their teaching practice. The results suggest that school teams should agree on definitions for reflective practice and feedback and how these contribute to professional learning. Lack of access to or availability of formal learning opportunities may be an important factor in shaping teachers' perceptions of their competence and confidence in working with children who have speech, language and communication needs

Immunoassays, methods for carrying out immunoassays, immunoassay kits and method for manufacturing immunoassay kits

The invention relates to immunoassays, methods for carrying out immunoassays, immunoassay kits and methods for manufacturing immunoassay kits. In particular, the invention has relevance to capillary (especially microcapillary) immunoassay technology